Queer Conversation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Queer Conversation - Essay Example This definition obviously draws heavily on the original definition, creating boundaries of normality and criminalizing or stigmatizing anything that falls outside of it. Queer people then moved to reclaim the word, recognizing its power and the power it could give them if it was successfully reclaimed, which it eventually was. Queer then branched out to describe a political, academic and social understanding of non-hegemonic worldviews (in addition to the more popular understanding of queer as a ‘catchall’ for LGBTQ2SAA etc. people). This, definition, probably more than anything else, defines the word queer today. Yet as a word that combats hegemony it is hard to nail down a distinct and individual definition of queer or queerness – as it probably should be. Michael Warner, and Kate Harding, the authors of The Trouble With Normal, and How to Fuck a Fat Girl respectively, never explicitly state definitions of queer, though each implicitly recognizes disruption of h egemonic systems as central to the queerness, individually exploring different aspects of that disruption. Michael Warner’s chapter in The Trouble With Normal provides an incredibly useful framing structure for the rest of the discussion of queerness and queer identity. His article describes the evolution of the â€Å"Gay and Lesbian movement† (45), something that must be clearly separated from the queer movement. Warner describes how early gay and lesbian movements attempted to ingratiate themselves with the traditional power structures in society, â€Å"home, church and state† (48), in order to gain power and acceptance, or at least a little bit less oppression, in society. Such people attempted to argue that a person’s sexual identity is â€Å"irrelevant to [their] ideals, principles, hopes and aspirations† (46). Yet Warner argues that this is not an especially useful way of fighting for dealing with hegemonic society

Holy Shrines in Khairpur Essay Example for Free

Holy Shrines in Khairpur Essay Holy Shrines in Khairpur Posted on January 11, 2012 [pic] Khairpur is the twelfth largest city in the province of Sindh in southeast Pakistan. It was founded in 1783 by Mir Sohrab Khan, who established the Khairpur branch of the Talpur clan. Khairpur Sindh is known as the Gateway of Islam, Baab ul Islam,   Muhammad Bin Qasim’s conquest of Sindh laid the Foundation of Islam in the sub continent as Sindhs name suggests the Gateway of Islam, many religious saints and Sufi’s were from Sindh and are laid there, Devotees from all over Pakistan and the Subcontinent visit these Shrines each year, following are some other famous shrines in other parts of Sindh, houses the Shrine of   Sachal Sarmast (1739–1829) who was a Sufi poet from Sindh during the Kalhora era. He was born in daraza near Ranipur, Sindh. His real name was Abdul Wahab and â€Å"Sachal† was his nickname. [pic]Khairpur has very important Historical significance; there are many historical places like Faiz Mahal, Bali House, Lal Bungalow, Shesh Mahal at Kot Diji. Besides these historical places, there are some of the world famous archaeological sites in the district of Khairpur. One such site is the site of Kot Diji and opposite to it is the giant citadel at the top of the hill beside National Highway. Khairpur district is divided into eight Tehsils. †¢ Khairpur †¢ Nara †¢ Kot Diji †¢ Sobho Dero †¢ Kingri †¢ Faiz Ganj †¢ Gambat †¢ Mirwah [pic]Khairpur is famous for harvesting Dates as well, these Dates are distributed throughout Pakistan, Khairpur has a hot weather, fruits harvested here are usually juicy, sweet and supple because of khairpur’s hot weather and no humidity, the hot weather of Khairpur is suitable for the harvesting of cash crops like wheat and cotton, Khairour is irrigated through river Indus. Shrine of Sachal Sarmast: [pic] The Famous Sufi poet from the Kalhora era Sachal Sarmast was born in Daraza, Sindh near Ranipur, Sachal Sarmast meant truthful and mystic in Sindhi, His real name was Abdul Wahab, He is regarded as poet of seven languages (shair-e-haft zaban),  Sachal Sarmast was famous for his poetical works in Arabic, Sindhi, Saraiki, Punjabi, Urdu, Persian and Balochi to address the wider audience in these languages. He spread the message of love for humanity through poetry. Sachal Sarmasts poems are sung by local singers in Sindhi and Urdu, His Shrine is in Daraza near Ranipur that is visited by thousands of Devotees from the whole Pakistan and different parts of the Sub-continent as well.

Journey Motif Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In literature, the Journey is often a metaphor for discovery. The journey motif is used in Coleridge’s â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.† It is also shown in Hawthorne’s â€Å"My Kinsman, Major Molineux† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† In these stories, each main character changes sometime between the beginning and the end of the story. In addition, religion plays a part in each of these stories. Typically, in journey literature the hero encounters several obstacles that he or she must overcome. In Coleridge’s â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,† the Mariner shows negativity. The Mariners moral vision is so impaired that his comparisons are persistently pessimistic. This pessimism is seen repeatedly in the similes that he uses. He describes life-in-death whose skin is â€Å"...

Justification of the Corn Laws Essay -- Politics History Political

Justification of the Corn Laws The Corn Law was a potentially dangerous bill introduced in 1815 after three years of good harvests. It was instigated with the support of Lord Liverpool the current Prime Minister who saw the Corn Laws as a temporary measure to create stability in the agricultural sector in the immediate post-war years. The Corn Laws were potentially disastrous because they, along with the abolishment of Income tax and the creation of the Game laws, were seen as a return by the ultra-Tory's to a single-issue, single class government. That issue being the wants and needs of the landed classes. I believe that the Corn Laws led large groups of the urbanised population to become unreasonably politicised in their demands to parliament. The catalyst for these potentially revolutionary actions being the starvation of the working classes - the Corn Laws. Lord Liverpool's justification for the Corn Laws was the appalling state of agriculture in England in the post war period. England faced a unique set of financial and economic problems bought about by the end of the war. The harvest of 1813, 14 and 15 were extremely good leading to a fall in prices by almost half. The end of trade sanctions after the end of the Napoleonic Wars flooded the British market with cheaper corn that made British Corn uncompetitive. Agriculture still exceeded manufacturing as the country's largest single economic interest. Therefore the Corn Laws were justifiable in this sense because they still supported the largest single category of labour provider. But while choosing to secure one social group Liverpool and his cabinet had provided immedia... ...for a slim chance of economic recovery in a single sector of the country's economy-agriculture. The British Government had decided to choke one group of citizens, the urban based working classes, to create a wealthier group of large land owners-ironically the largest group of MP's. In my eyes protecting no part of the economy would have been the best idea. No economic area would flourish but neither would any industry be choked. A free market mentality would be painful but would result in more efficient techniques in manufacturing and agriculture. All the Corn Laws seemed to do was underline the injustices that were allowed to happen because of the lack of universal suffrage. It also highlighted how inward looking and self centred the Ultra-Tory's were as well as highlighting urban electoral under representation.

Hrm 533 Assmt 3 Template

Assignment 3 Name: (Your Name) For Dr. Larry Byrd HRM533 Date: (Today’s date) (Title) Organization Overview This paper will discuss the total rewards program for (Name of the Company, real or otherwise). This company is (Complete this paragraph briefly describing the company and its requirements/needs for a total rewards system. You should remember that this company is diverse and in multiple countries. ) Total Rewards StrategyIn order to meet these needs, the company HR must accomplish the elements discussed in the succeeding paragraphs that address the fundamentals of this type of total rewards system while complying with the regulatory environments. (see pages 24—27) The first element is (Complete the paragraph stating the first thing HR needs to do. ) The second element is (Complete the paragraph stating the next thing HR needs to do. ) (Continue writing paragraphs with this beginning until you have fully explained the elements that must be accomplished by the compe nsation system. System Advantages There are several advantages to this total rewards system as described above, and they are discussed in the succeeding paragraphs. The first advantage is (Complete the paragraph stating the advantage and how it meets the employees’ needs. ) The second advantage is (Complete the paragraph stating the advantage and how it meets the employees’ needs. ) (Continue writing paragraphs with this beginning until you have exhausted the advantages. ) Communicating the Plan For a total rewards system to be successful, it must be clearly and widely communicated.The succeeding paragraphs describe the richness of the plan to be communicated. (see pages 64—71) The first component of the plan is (Complete the paragraph. ) The second component of the plan is (Complete the paragraph. ) (Continue writing paragraphs with this beginning until you have exhausted the components of the plan. ) Ensuring the Plan is Competitive Additionally, for a total r ewards plan to be successful, external equity must be ensured. The succeeding paragraphs describe the steps that (Company name) will take to ensure the competitiveness of the plan. see chapters 8 and 9) The first step is (Complete this paragraph describing the first step the company needs to take to ensure competitiveness. ) The second step is (Complete this paragraph describing the first step the company needs to take to ensure competitiveness. ) (Continue writing paragraphs with this beginning until you have exhausted the steps for ensuring the competitiveness of the plan. ) (Do not forget your references. For detailed APA instructions, see the Additional Resources at the bottom of the Student Center. )

The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 essays

The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 essays The Revolutionary War in 1775 and the War of 1812 are both similar and at the same time different. The Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 are similar in that, they both were fought mainly by the British and the North American colonist. At the same time, the two wars are different because they were influenced by different factors. As soon as the colonist got settled in North America, Britain began interfering with economic and political affairs of the colonies. Laws such as the Quarterly Act were examples of Britain influencing in the political affairs. Laws such as the Stamp Act were examples of economic interference in the colonies. The colonists were outraged by such events and started to rebel against their mother country. Soon people began to boycott British goods, which aggravated the situation even more. After the several boycott attempts, such as the Boston Tea Party incident, an event in time known as the Boston Massacre occurred. Though only a few people were killed, it was much exaggerated. Soon enlightened ideas were spread throughout the colonies. Ideas like, natural rights, encouraged people to break off from England. To ensure the majority of the colonial citizens, colonial leaders brought in an English writer named, John Locke, to write a pamphlet to encourage nationalism and to break off fro m the British. In 1775, The North American colonist and the English engaged in a massive war in North America to determine who would control the thirteen colonies. Future political leaders such as Washington, Hamilton, Jefferson, and Adams bravely led the Minute Men. Many battles were lost, and many were won. Battles such as the Battle of Saratoga, and Bunker Hill, helped inspire the colonists to keep fighting the British and eventually defeating the British. When the Revolutionary War was over, the colonies were in a high state of nationalism and were in a huge debt to others. At the same time, the Rev. War had many positiv...

How to Write an Economics Essay

How to Write an Economics Essay How to Write an Economics Essay Writing a good essay in economics is usually vital given its importance, and the fact that economics is a mandatory subject that is taught in most business courses. Writing an economics essay is likely to be integrated into most examinations, projects or even assignments. For one to produce a very efficient and quality economics essay there are some procedures and guidelines that must be followed. First and foremost, the instructions for the topic must be read attentively and carefully. This is to understand what the question is asking and what the examiner wishes the writer to write or produce in the final draft. This is followed by identification of the relevant topic in question. A good Economics essay cannot be functional if the writer does not understand the topic of origin. Also note that every topic has its own technical terms to be used when writing your economics essay. The next step is checking and determining the time allocated for the questions. This is to enable the writer to produce the essay in a timely manner. It is notable that most essays have a time length or time span for presentation. Therefore, a writer who wishes to write this kind of essay must be able to plan and budget for the time allocated in order to produce a valid economics essay. The word count or number of pages must also be checked and adhered to, if there are any stipulations for essay length. The writer has a duty not to produce a very short or a very long essay given that very long essays might lose the meaning attached to it due to its length. At the same time, very short essays might also distort the theme as it might limit the number of facts one can mention about the topic. The relevant economic models must be well noted to integrate all the required definitions. Economic essays should have particular theories of economy, in line with their assumptions, as well as diagrams to show flow of information from one model to another one. In economics, theories, diagrams and some specified assumptions are vital in exhibiting the kind of economic model in application. Moreover, in some cases, for one to produce a very good economics essay there is a need to apply relevant case studies to highlight the essay. Case studies in economics essay are as important as the models and diagrams being used. Notably, a good economics essay must be able to integrate the use of well-labeled diagrams, well-defined theories, and effectively drawn assumptions, plus case studies to effectively discuss the topic and prompt the examiner to give you a good grade. Get professional Economics essay help from paper experts at writing service. We write quality custom essays on any Economics related topics!

Manchester airport Essays

Manchester airport Essays Manchester airport Essay Manchester airport Essay There are many similarities between the locations of school and Manchester airport . One similarity is that both businesses are situated near busy motorways. Having motorways could be a good thing as it would raise the profile of both Manchester airport and school. Another similarity is that both have or own a train station near by, this means that anybody could travel to school or to Manchester airport. This way would help as there would be more people going on the train which means that there would be a lot of relief for drivers on the road. It also means less traffic congestion meaning less traffic accidents in the year. One difference is where the location of each business is one is in the south end of Manchester as you can guess it is Manchester airport and another is located in Morley in Leeds which is Bruntcliffe High school. Both locations are situated where it isnt too busy to get to and from. Another difference is that near by the school there is a retail park which also could raise their profile, Manchester airport is based around fields and motorways nothing that could draw up attention for the business. The school is also close to many suburban areas not like Manchester as it is just close to a big city. There are loads of other schools situated around Morley so the school has to keep up their profile; Manchester airport has only one competitor itself this is not a problem, there is only one main airport in Manchester and this is it. A2 Compare the activity of the school Manchester Airport There are many similarities between the school and Manchester airport. One is that both are providing a service e. g. Manchester airport is providing the service of flying and the school is offering students an education. A difference between Manchester airport and the school is that Manchester airport can gain profit whilst the school doesnt gain anything other than helping students get an education. Another similarity is that both Manchester airport and the school are on their guard as there are many competitors around. Also both Manchester airport and the school are trying to up their games a bit as with the competition around. The one and only change to the school would be changing it from the public sector to the private. This means that students would have to pay to go to school. Which also means most of the students currently at Bruntcliffe would not be able to afford fees so the number of students going there would fall. I think this idea wouldnt be good as if the school was in debt then the government wouldnt pay it for them as it is in the private sector. A good thing about this would be that the Results, facilities attendance should improve. If the school was closed down then it wouldnt be able to open. The school wouldnt have enough money to reopen it and would have to raise some money and some profile as everyone would know that the school had been closed down and would want to know why. A school in the public sector would be closed by the government and opened by the government; of course the school in the public sector would also have to raise some profile. Also you could go into a partnership but doing this you would lose all your possessions and the business could go bust, also there would be the risk of arguing. A3 Suggest justify changes to the ownership of Manchester Airport One thing that you could change about Manchester airport is by allowing private investors invest as at the moment only shares are held by local council and the public sector (government). But this means that you would have to sell to someone that you dont know, if you sold to the council then you ask someone to verify that person who is investing. Another thing is changing it back to the private sector this would mean people would have to pay to use their service and it wouldnt be open to the public anymore. Already 10 councils own Manchester Airport and are involved in decision making so changing sector would have little affect here. It would not work as a sole trader as Manchester airport is in the public sector and it is really busy and one person would not be able to afford to keep the business running. A3 Suggest justify changes to the location of the school The school could move to the more populated area, this meaning that there would be more people attending the school. The school could also move nearer to a retail/business park to attract more attention. At the moment the school is close to many different villages this could be an advantage for Bruntcliffe as the more villages the more students they could take on in school. There is a disadvantage of being based near a motorway it is a problem for the school as it would make it unsafe for children/students. The school could move to a more private place but they would risk loosing students. A3 Suggest justify changes to the location of Manchester Airport Manchester airports location is very close to lots of motorways. This is an advantage as there will be easy access for deliveries. A disadvantage of this would be the build up of traffic. They could also move in to the city centre as there will be more population, an advantage of this could be making more money. Manchester airport at the moment is based near houses, if it moved to the city centre there would be more houses and it would be easy for people to travel to. A disadvantage of this would be the loud noise it might force people to move away but however the nearer it is to the city centre the more surrounding people would fly with them. A3 Suggest justify changes to the activity of the school The activity for the school is providing a service for the students. The school could change this and become part of the secondary sector, by producing its own goods e. g. books, materials. The school could also expand by building outreach centres in local and public areas. To maintain their standards and think that the school should regularly invite younger children to experience their time in high school. You could design your own school/exercise books. I think this is a good idea because it would mean less money spent on buying books with a logo/design and more money spent on the things that are more important. More student work on display. I think that it would be a good idea, because it means that not only are you respecting the work of a student, you will also be saving money because you are buying random posters with no meaning against it. A3 Suggest justify changes to the activity of Manchester Airport Manchester airport provides a service to people who want to fly with them. Other businesses could set up at the airport and increase their profile. I think it would be a good idea if you had quicker departure times because it would mean that more customers are willing to fly from Manchester airport because of the consistent flight times. I think that if you make the international flights cheaper more people will fly to international countries like the Dominican Republic and Cuba.

Deception By the Investigating Officer in the Investigative, Research Paper

Deception By the Investigating Officer in the Investigative, Interrogative, and Testimonial Processes - Research Paper Example Getting criminals to confessing their crimes turns out to be a problematic affair; as a result, investigating officers are involving the use of deception in obtaining the necessary information. According to Justice without Trial, when an investigator perceives the case law as an impediment to his main duty of apprehending criminals, in most cases, he endeavours to construct the facade of compliance instead of allowing the offender to get away from apprehension. Permitting officers sworn to maintain the law to outwit that same law is similar to planting the seeds of its obliteration. Apart from that widespread, along with openly acknowledged, deception demeans the trustworthiness together with perception of the police, as well as the whole criminal justice system. There are numerous reports of investigators lying while on the stand, which is an emergent problem. Apparently, police perjury is not only pervasive, but also a serious cancer that is invading the criminal justice system. Wh ile, on the other hand, utilizing deception in entrapping offenders into admitting their complicity turns out to be a means of downgrading police work into trickery (Vrij, 2000). There are substantial arguments that, at the primary stages of investigations, investigators have to circumvent the law in apprehending, while, at the same time, convicting criminals, ongoing avoidance of the law is an illustration of a lack of respect for the same laws which investigators get sworn to maintain. Therefore, tactics such as police sting operations used in capturing burglars, fabrication of nonexistent witnesses for the duration of interrogations, as well as Abscam-type operations, are ideal examples of deception which are in most cases routinely applied by investigators. Therefore, the given notion that often the ends justify the means as applied by the investigators during the processes of investigation, interrogation and testimonial are wrong for a number of reasons; firstly, it is immoral since wrong is wrong, and, secondly, it is illegal. Consequently, investigators must find a way of working within a severe and agonizingly conflicting environment without tampering with their moral order that demands for specific forms of fidelities (Pollock, 2011). Question Two Deception within the criminal justice system degrades the image of the legal system, as well as the equitable carriage of justice (Yeschke, 2002). In instances, whereby the criminal justice system gets the permission of engaging in immoral, along with even criminal behavior, then there comes a tie when the system together with those engrossed in it ceases being superior to the criminals they are attempting to entrap. Apparently, the investigator lies since lying turns out to be a routine way of dealing with legal impediments; this is because the law allows the investigator to lie during the investigative stage, at a time when he is not totally convinced whether the suspect is a criminal or not, but prohibits lying concerning procedures at the testimonial stage, whereby the investigator is certain of the guiltiness of the accused. This is because the investigator characteristically weighs the short-term disutility of the action of suppressing evidence, rather than the long-term utility of the law’s due process for protecting, as well as enhancing the nobility of the citizen under investigation. Within the criminal

Reflections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reflections - Essay Example Moreover, through evangelism, I get a better understanding on Christian challenges but derive satisfaction in making other identify with Christ. Nevertheless, the mode of evangelism defines the perception, challenges, and success in evangelism. As such, there is need to establish the most effective and less challenging strategies of evangelism. For instance, there is need to change the traditional evangelism approaches with ordinary attempts that the modern society can relate with (Henderson, 2007). Through this approach, evangelists will have an easy way in bridging the gap between the â€Å"lost† people and Jesus Christ (Henderson, 2007). Moreover, this approach will help the society to recognize salvation as a major and relevant decision in our lives. Additionally, there is need to establish the best conversation aids on evangelism for the society to understand the message spread by the evangelists (McRaney, 2003). Indeed, communication is a major factor in evangelism since evangelists seek to spread the gospel to a diverse society that requires a better understanding on the gospel for them to join Christhood. We should thus seek to remove all the barriers by adopting better communication strategies (McRaney, 2003), relating evangelism with the typical life, and use a variety of creative and natural connection po ints (Henderson,

Communication in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Communication in business - Essay Example While on the other end, the ideology that - social aspect of business is indispensable and an inevitable part of corporate management, is stressed. Where one group argues that the sole purpose of a business is to maximize profits and create value for shareholders, the other support Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a part of their corporate agenda. There has been a steady rise in the popularity and significance of CSR and its role in creating an impact on society, and ultimately on the business itself, leading to its adoption and implementation by several corporate giants. Companies across various sectors have taken up social responsibility and their duties towards the society, as a serious and significant part of their corporate agenda (Nelson, 2004). It is evident from the fact that annual report of companies’ now includes sustainability or social reports, where the social activities of a business are proudly displayed alongside the company’s financial reports. Companies today are highly aware of their role in the society and the impact on the everyday lives of its consumers. However, as the role and popularity of CSR continues to rise, an equally significant number of companies, across Europe are steadily moving towards the adoption of the conventional Anglo-Saxon shareholder value model – with greater emphasis on profits, sidelining social responsibility in the process. It is on account of this very reason, that the debates surrounding the purpose and role of business in society, has assumed global significance (The Economist, 2005). The role of business in society: According to some, the main purpose of business is to create wealth and maximize shareholder value, while others consider benefit to society as a part of business. However, regardless of the conflicting ideologies, the fact that business is arguably, the only human activity, which has a far reaching impact on the society, cannot be denied. It has the ability to assemb le and accumulate human resources, on a large scale, who are engaged in the production of goods and services for public consumption, while generating profits in the process. Business not only generates profits for the stakeholders and owners but also create value to the society in the form of employment and providing a source of livelihood to millions of people. It is on account of this reason, that the role of business in society is far greater than merely generating profits and hence, companies today have readily incorporated the ethical and moral principles as a part of their corporate responsibility. Companies nowadays, strictly adhere to their social responsibility with the same zest and fervor as they comply in case of their legal obligations. The role of business in society, thus has widened in the recent years and has moved beyond the legal, financial and economic obligations to include social and environmental obligations as well (Blowfield, Murray, 2008). Arguments against corporate social responsibility Milton Friedman subscribed to the classical economic school of thought which contend that business has one and only one responsibility – towards the shareholders and owners and that social issues do not and must not figure on the list of corporate objectives. He further stated that social aspects are taken care of -by and in a free market economy, and in case it fails to do so, then it becomes the responsibility of the government, but business

Marketing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing paper - Essay Example r constrÐ °ints - technicÐ °l (economic) Ð °nd ethicÐ °l (sociÐ °l) - creÐ °te the trÐ °nsÐ °ctions or flows which resolve mÐ °rket sepÐ °rÐ °tions Ð °nd result in exchÐ °nge Ð °nd consumption (BÐ °rtles). My concept of mÐ °rketing is close to the definition by CIM thÐ °t looks not only Ð °t identifying customer needs, but Ð °lso sÐ °tisfying them (short-term) Ð °nd Ð °nticipÐ °ting them in the future (long-term retention). In its most generic form, I define mÐ °rketing Ð °s mÐ °rketing seen Ð °s relÐ °tionships, networks Ð °nd interÐ °ction or mÐ °rketing bÐ °sed on interÐ °ction within Ð ° network of relÐ °tionships. In the broÐ °dest sense of mÐ °rketing, Ð °ll mÐ °nÐ °gement, the whole society, Ð °nd even life itself, form networks of relÐ °tionships within which we interÐ °ct in our roles of business executives, employees, consumers, citizens Ð °nd humÐ °n beings. CollÐ °borÐ °tion. The core contribution from mÐ °rketing is its emphÐ °sis on collÐ °borÐ °tion. In Ð ° nÐ °rrow sense it comprises the collÐ °borÐ °tion between customer Ð °nd supplier. This hÐ °s Ð °lwÐ °ys been Ð ° prÐ °cticÐ °l necessity for services Ð °nd for the development, production, mÐ °rketing Ð °nd purchÐ °sing of complex products in business mÐ °rketing. Its prÐ °ctice, however, is often unprofessionÐ °l Ð °nd guided by legÐ °l-bureÐ °ucrÐ °tic vÐ °lues Ð °nd lÐ °ck of empÐ °thy. Its introduction in theory Ð °nd educÐ °tion is long overdue. TodÐ °y, severÐ °l sources independent of relÐ °tionship mÐ °rketing stress collÐ °borÐ °tion. CollÐ °borÐ °tion is the very reÐ °son for forming Ð °n orgÐ °nizÐ °tion; you collÐ °borÐ °te inside Ð °nd compete outside. In totÐ °l relÐ °tionship mÐ °rketing you both collÐ °borÐ °te Ð °nd compete, inside Ð °s well Ð °s outside the orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. Long relÐ °tionships. Ð  series of studies clÐ °im thÐ °t the longer the relÐ °tionship with Ð ° customer, the higher the profit will be. This is primÐ °rily due to two effects of customer loyÐ °lty: reduced mÐ °rketing costs when fewer customers defect; Ð °nd increÐ °sed ‘customer shÐ °re’ or ‘shÐ °re of

Organizational Culture Assessment of Terre Haute Economic Development Assignment

Organizational Culture Assessment of Terre Haute Economic Development Corporation - Assignment Example The company has an added location advantage which makes it accessible from air, highways, and sea. The company has a high culture by way of integrity and sense of unity among the employees, as well as a â€Å"can do† attitude. Historically, in Terre Haute/Vigo County the economic development has not been smooth and keeping in view the county’s requirement of economic development services, THEDC was originated to provide strategic solutions to economic problems and development. This corporation works jointly with other entities for the all-round economic development and emphasizes on business development, attraction, and retention. Terre Haute/Vigo County is a place where leadership and creativity flourish in the unity between community members and government agencies. The most important matters that need strategic solutions range from growth, management to green living. The sincere efforts of leaders and citizens of Terre Haute are a contribution towards the development of the county. I choose this company for its competency and because it had some very significant successes for the community, and also because it is the Lead Economic Development Organization (Welcome to Terre Haute/Vigo County, n.d. ). In this paper, I put forward interviews taken on 5 people who are currently working in the management body of the corporation. The employees in the corporation are recruited across a range of industries according to their skill, productivity, and experience. THEDC offers workers to other industries at lower wage rates compared to other parts of the county. I have taken interviews of 3 women and 2 men who belong to the age group between 35 and 40 years. I have taken face to face interview with all the 5 people. I visited their office at allotted times after prior appointments.

Marketing paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing paper - Essay Example r constrÐ °ints - technicÐ °l (economic) Ð °nd ethicÐ °l (sociÐ °l) - creÐ °te the trÐ °nsÐ °ctions or flows which resolve mÐ °rket sepÐ °rÐ °tions Ð °nd result in exchÐ °nge Ð °nd consumption (BÐ °rtles). My concept of mÐ °rketing is close to the definition by CIM thÐ °t looks not only Ð °t identifying customer needs, but Ð °lso sÐ °tisfying them (short-term) Ð °nd Ð °nticipÐ °ting them in the future (long-term retention). In its most generic form, I define mÐ °rketing Ð °s mÐ °rketing seen Ð °s relÐ °tionships, networks Ð °nd interÐ °ction or mÐ °rketing bÐ °sed on interÐ °ction within Ð ° network of relÐ °tionships. In the broÐ °dest sense of mÐ °rketing, Ð °ll mÐ °nÐ °gement, the whole society, Ð °nd even life itself, form networks of relÐ °tionships within which we interÐ °ct in our roles of business executives, employees, consumers, citizens Ð °nd humÐ °n beings. CollÐ °borÐ °tion. The core contribution from mÐ °rketing is its emphÐ °sis on collÐ °borÐ °tion. In Ð ° nÐ °rrow sense it comprises the collÐ °borÐ °tion between customer Ð °nd supplier. This hÐ °s Ð °lwÐ °ys been Ð ° prÐ °cticÐ °l necessity for services Ð °nd for the development, production, mÐ °rketing Ð °nd purchÐ °sing of complex products in business mÐ °rketing. Its prÐ °ctice, however, is often unprofessionÐ °l Ð °nd guided by legÐ °l-bureÐ °ucrÐ °tic vÐ °lues Ð °nd lÐ °ck of empÐ °thy. Its introduction in theory Ð °nd educÐ °tion is long overdue. TodÐ °y, severÐ °l sources independent of relÐ °tionship mÐ °rketing stress collÐ °borÐ °tion. CollÐ °borÐ °tion is the very reÐ °son for forming Ð °n orgÐ °nizÐ °tion; you collÐ °borÐ °te inside Ð °nd compete outside. In totÐ °l relÐ °tionship mÐ °rketing you both collÐ °borÐ °te Ð °nd compete, inside Ð °s well Ð °s outside the orgÐ °nizÐ °tion. Long relÐ °tionships. Ð  series of studies clÐ °im thÐ °t the longer the relÐ °tionship with Ð ° customer, the higher the profit will be. This is primÐ °rily due to two effects of customer loyÐ °lty: reduced mÐ °rketing costs when fewer customers defect; Ð °nd increÐ °sed ‘customer shÐ °re’ or ‘shÐ °re of

Project Implementation, Control, and Termination Paper Roofing Project Essay

Project Implementation, Control, and Termination Paper Roofing Project - Essay Example This will involve the planning and discussion about the project major steps and operations. In this report, I will provide a review and adjust the previously established constrains and plans. This report will present the detailed evaluation of the triple constraints and their proper settlement for the project working and handling. This project is initiated by the Adams family for the restoration of farmhouse and its roof. This farmhouse roof is a historical place and Adams family has decided to restore the project through the assistance of the Michigan Historical Society. Michigan Historical Society is an association that directs for the rehabilitation and restoration of the old places. Here this project report is aimed to provide a deep insight into the old farmhouse roof restoration project and its controlling. Adams family has started a project for the restoration of their old farmhouse and its roof. This project involves the Michigan Historical Society who has agreed to assist in maintaining the property upon completion of the restoration project. Michigan Historical Society is society that facilitates the better preservation of the old places. Michigan Historical Society will work with our development and construction team for the handling of this project. This section of the repot covers the basic reasons and aims that are established by the Adams family and Michigan Historical Society regarding the restoration of the farmhouse to its original splendor. They have established the main goal on the subject of the preserving old roof 80% to the authentic structural design. Successful completion of this project will allow the Adams family to appreciate family tradition and actively take part in their heritage now and in future years. This project will restore the farmhouse to its original splendor. This project will also preserve 80% of the authentic structural design of the old work on the farmhouse.

The persuasion used by both Lady Macbeth and the male speakers Essay Example for Free

The persuasion used by both Lady Macbeth and the male speakers Essay Shakespeare portrays Lady Macbeth as a strong, independent character, who employs cunning intellect to manipulate and control her husband and to gain illegitimate power and authority. Using varied techniques, Lady Macbeth predominantly targets Macbeth’s masculinity and likens him to a â€Å"woman†; taunting him in order to provoke the desire to disprove her doubts and assumptions. Macbeth decides not to â€Å"bear the knife† on Duncan, as he is both his is both â€Å"his kinsman and his subject†. Nevertheless, Lady Macbeth shifts the power in their relationship, taking the typically male, authoritative role and persuading Macbeth to â€Å"play false†, using his devotion to her and â€Å"ambition† to fulfil the witches’ prophecies. Lady Macbeth tactically finds similarities between herself and the witches. In doing so, she assures herself that she is too a significant influence and retains substantial authority over Macbeth, where she can analyse his personality and potential. Breaking feminine stereotypes, Lady Macbeth’s character redefines sixteenth century expectations and expresses Tudor â€Å"fears† of women overstepping their â€Å"natural† boundaries. Feminising Macbeth On becoming aware of her new title, thus her potential to greater power, Lady Macbeth begins to rid herself of her feminine attributes and bestows them upon Macbeth in order to persuade him to â€Å"catch the nearest way† and seize the role as king. Nevertheless, as a woman Lady Macbeth lacks the authority and ability to undertake the murder and compensates by rationalising with herself, and her husband, in order to instigate the persuasion necessary for the central murders. She accuses Macbeth to be â€Å"too full o’th’milk of human kindness† implying weakness and absence of â€Å"ambition† to forcefully take the role as king. Macbeth is â€Å"full† of â€Å"milk†, a factor associated with maternity and femininity. In referring to Macbeth as nurturing and feminine, Lady Macbeth undermines her husband’s masculinity and takes the power in the relationship, fuelling her own â€Å"ambition† to become â€Å"unsexed† or masculine, and seizing authority where she can evaluate her husband’s character. As a new mother in the sixteenth century, women would be substantially weakened and susceptible to â€Å"illness† after and during child birth; as a result, would too lack the â€Å"ambition†, to sustain an additional life and feed the child with the â€Å"milk†. Moreover, in making reference to â€Å"milk†, Lady Macbeth insinuates that Macbeth is ‘milky’; a renaissance term used to describe cowards. Having recently returned from battle, Macbeth abolished any â€Å"fear†, to fight in Duncan’s name. Insinuating he is a â€Å"milky† creates further â€Å"ambition† to prove his wife wrong, therefore, in attempt to persuade Macbeth, Lady Macbeth labels him and questions his loyalty to her, his â€Å"dearest partner in greatness†. Anaemia In describing her husband as â€Å"green and pale†, Lady Macbeth continues to criticise and undermine him. Such a pallor would betray green sickness, and in the sixteenth century, more commonly known as hypochromatic anaemia; symptoms included weakness and lack of energy, showing that Lady Macbeth believes her husband to be lacking both the capability and motivation to carry out the murder. Furthermore, the sickness was associated with woman, specifically due to blood loss during childbirth, linking to her previous allusions from Macbeth to a new mother, who would be â€Å"full of..milk†. â€Å"Green† being a colour commonly associated with envy, presents Macbeth as inferior to other men, defying Lady Macbeth’s desire for his superiority and kingship. By revealing her husband’s jealousy- and therefore his insecurity regarding his own influence- Lady Macbeth questions whether he has the qualities required to rule, such as confidence in his own power. Lady Macbeth’s description of her husband is persuasive by routinely emphasising the qualities he lacks and his negative aspects, presenting him as unfit to achieve his destined kingship. â€Å"Take my milk for gall† Although the witches are depicted as the only paranormal beings in the play, Lady Macbeth attempts correlates with the witches’ supernatural mannerism and pleads to the â€Å"spirits†, demanding them to â€Å"take her milk for gall† to further eradicate her femininity and assert her desired power of the supernatural. The meaning of â€Å"take is ambiguous, either implying Lady Macbeth wishes to be rid of the â€Å"milk†, that she perceives as â€Å"gall†, poisoning her with compassion and nurture, hence preventing her from assisting Macbeth in the â€Å"deed†. Moreover, she denotes that her â€Å"gall† is pre-existing in her â€Å"breasts†, suggesting she already holds an element of â€Å"cruelty†, too shown in the witches’ nature. Correlating with the witches, thus convincing herself she is somewhat supernaturally powerful, allows Lady Macbeth to rid herself of any submission shown to Macbeth, as a weak, delicate woman and like the witches, gain supremacy over her husband to then persuade him to â€Å"catch the nearest way†. As a woman, Lady Macbeth would be â€Å"full of milk† appealing to her nurturing attributes and impeding her from committing the â€Å"cruelty† needed to succeed to greater power. She begs the spirits to â€Å"take† her â€Å"milk†, therefore ridding her of her feminine attributes and affection she may have held for her guests, as their â€Å"honoured hostess†, presenting a sense of false hospitality which is also shown in the image of the â€Å"poison chalice†. As his â€Å"kinsman and his subject†, Macbeth offers his hospitality and loyalty to Duncan, represented through the image of the â€Å"chalice†, only to be â€Å"poisoned† by the supernatural expectations and Lady Macbeth’s hunger for superiority. Having plotted against the king, a man appointed by God, Macbeth displays his remaining religious principles, describing Duncan as â€Å"heaven’s cherubin† expressing admiration of Duncan’s leadership and is almost worshipful of him; perhaps in the attempt to save himself from â€Å"deep damnation† that may follow if the supernatural realm should fail him. Nevertheless, as Lady Macbeth gains further influence over him, she alters his â€Å"golden opinions†, turning him into a â€Å"beast† who wholly disregards any respect he had for Duncan. Lady Macbeth further accentuates Macbeth’s negative qualities, such as his indecisive nature and refers to him as â€Å"coward in thine own esteem†, questioning his masculinity and implying he is too afraid to act upon his desire to achieve his destined kingship. Macbeth’s â€Å"esteem† shows his strong desire to be king and how highly he values the crown. Despite his high regard of the crown, Lady Macbeth believes having â€Å"esteem† and â€Å"ambition† within is not enough to gain him the â€Å"ornament of life†; implying the crown â€Å"wouldst be† his greatest asset and achievement. Calling Macbeth a â€Å"coward† further emphasises the struggle Lady Macbeth faces in gaining all of her husband’s loyalty, as he begins to review the Duncan’s â€Å"virtues† and favourable attributes, thus creating doubt in his ability to murder him. However, by stating Macbeth is too afraid to â€Å"catch the nearest way†, Lady Macbeth allows him to deny her initial claim, reinstating his â€Å"hope† of killing the king and deliberately using her doubt to convince him to kill Duncan as he wishes to â€Å"become a man†. Lady Macbeth de-genders The â€Å"strange sisters† being the most powerful influence over her husband, sustains Lady Macbeth’s desire to disassociate herself from gender and be affiliated to the witches’ power. Mid-sixteenth century productions of â€Å"Macbeth†, presented the witches as bearded, powerful characters who consequently opposed their female characteristics. Appearing neither male nor female, grants the witches superiority over Macbeth. They are liberated from the stereotypes of female subordination and expectations of masculinity, like strength and dominance. This gives them freedom and the power to do as they please and therefore dominance over all other beings. To take the authoritative role in the relationship and become equivalent to the witches’ influence, Lady Macbeth begs the spirits to â€Å"unsex† her, removing her feeble, feminine qualities that may â€Å"bring forth† compassion she once had for Duncan, as her guest and subsequently becoming â€Å"more than man†. Employing her new found supremacy over her husband, Lady Macbeth becomes a source of strength and inspiration who â€Å"pours her spirits in thine ear†; an image holding both supernatural and medicinal significance. Most commonly associated with Egyptian healing methods, pouring homeopathic remedies in people’s â€Å"ear†, was thought to heal them of psychological and physical ailments; in Macbeth’s case, his weakness, cautious nature and sentimental attachment to Duncan. On the other hand, the image opposes the concept of healing, due to the supernatural connotations of. Lady Macbeth influences her husband with her corrupt intensions by â€Å"poisoning† him with the â€Å"spirits† who posses her â€Å"gall† and hence eradicating Macbeth’s remaining sentiment possessed for Duncan. Modality When reasoning with herself, Lady Macbeth avoids directly complimenting her husband, and only saunters on the potential that he â€Å"wouldst be great† taking a patronising tone in attempt to draw out his feminine attributes, and disapproval of being seen as inferior to a woman. Macbeth’s own uncertainty is prominent, as he â€Å"fears† the religious and lawful outcome if he â€Å"should fail†. Lady Macbeth is eminently frustrated by his indecisive nature and angst, and with regard to the witches’ prophecies, she specifically highlights Macbeth’s expectations, and too expresses her own doubts in his capability to kill and become king. Lady Macbeth suggests he â€Å"wouldst† be â€Å"highly†, using modal references to imply the possibility of alternative outcomes. In doing so, she taunts him and â€Å"dares† him to oppose her, consequently diminishing her doubts. Furthermore, his expectations were appointed to him by women , the â€Å"strange sisters† whom held power over him and foresaw his fate. Lady Macbeth re-raises the fact he was inferior to them, contributing to his desire to prove her wrong. Cat i’th’adage Heightening his inferiority to Duncan, Lady Macbeth likens him to a â€Å"poor cat i’th’adage†. Using to a common aphorism of the cat who wanted fish but did not want to get wet, expresses Macbeth’s unwillingness to dirty his hands to â€Å"catch the nearest way† and taunts his lack of desire to seize the â€Å"ornament of life†. By calling him â€Å"poor† displays Lady Macbeth’s supercilious demeanour and her value of her power over him, mocking him with pity and encouraging him to ascend to greater power. Describing Macbeth as a â€Å"cat† degrades his status and â€Å"dares† him to oppose her claims, while also alluding to Duncan’s ownership of him. Cats are commonly associated with witchcraft and are under the witches’ power- as is Macbeth, who is under their influence and expectations to consummate the prophecies. Furthermore, cats are easily startled, re-raising Macbeth’s fear and distinc t awareness of the consequences of treason, further accentuating his weakness and lack of â€Å"ambition†.

Organizational Behavior in Health Care: Case Study

Organizational Behavior in Health Care: Case Study Preparing Staff for Transition According to Borkowski in her book on Organizational Behavior in health care, she depicts the numerous changes that individuals are anticipated to portray in cases of a changes in an entity. The area that the book has concentrated on more specifically is on the health organizations. Through the first three subtopic namely, diversity in health care, attitudes and perceptions in addition to workplace communication, she has focused her attention to providing the readers with concise and clear overview from a health care managers point of view. This particular knowledge will be helpful in outlining the crucial areas concerned in preparing staff transition when merging Springdale health organization with St Marys HMO. Among the number of aspects that an organizational behavior especially in a health setting looks into include diversity, motivation, stress, power, leadership, management, group dynamics and ways of approaching management changes (Borkowski, 2010). Borkowski has expounded adequately on each factor and how it can be approached and addressed. At the same time the author has presented, learning objectives, a number of activities like evaluations and self assessment exercises and case studies in each chapter to increase the readers comprehension on the different ideas that have been tackled in the chapter. To say that this text is not helpful to learners is an infringement; the text is arranged in a way that helps bring out the ideas and facts in an arranged organized manner that helps increase the comprehension of the readers. Both practical encounters and the theoretical parts of the book help bring out the rigor making it very applicable and appropriate to students both at the undergraduate and post graduate levels of education (Borkowski, 2010). Apart from the students, health care mangers are provided with a critical insight on comprehending the dynamics and problems that are deemed to be encountered at the work place. The book thus provides a solution into how different ideas should be approached in order to increase an organizations probability of achieving set targets and goals. Through this understanding, workers morale is improved and this leads to an increase in productivity. The book also provides practices and theories essential for health organizations. It is thus undisputable to say that the ideas brought forward by this text in regard to meeting and satisfying constant organizational behaviors that are challenging modern organizations. The text presents us with a myriad that confronts modern health organizations and how to successfully approach such instances. Diversities in workplaces Diversity in work places is one of the issues that the organizations should take into considerations if their organizations have to perform optimally. Diversity in work places involves the differences that are exhibited by the employees of the company. The differences as portrayed by the employees of the organizations are according to the race affiliations of the employees, the gender, religious faith professed, disabilities, sexual orientation, physical appearance and the nationality. The diversity in the places of work can be used as strength to the organization since people would come with the ideas that are meant to improve the performance of the organization and thus enable the organization to meet its goals and objectives. On the other hand diversity can be a source of failure to the organization especially where the management does not work to acknowledge different ideologies brought to the organizations. The management of the organization should come with ways to prevent poss ible conflicts in the organization as a result of the diversities exhibited by it employees (Borkowski, 2010, pp.15). In many organizations today they acknowledge that the diversity in the organization is the source of success to the organization. It would be absurd for the organization to hire people who thing alike because the generations of ideas would be limited and thus dismal performance of the company would be recorded. In order for the organization to tap the benefits brought by the diversity of their workforce, the organization should be geared towards forming diverse-work-relationship which is important to ensure the success of the organization. For the transition program to be successful, both Springdale health organization and St Marys HMO ought to come with the programs that are meant to reward diversities in work places for instance organize cultural fairs to acknowledge people of different cultures that are present in the organization, have maternal leaves in order to enable women in the organization have time to nurse their children and also have a way of rewarding skills and special talents possessed by the organization for instance through job promotions, monetary reward and recognition of the individual as having played an important role in the success of the company (Mathis, 2007). Workplace communication Effective communication is important in the organization just like in any relationship. In an organization the takes place every other time in form of issuing order to the employees of the company by the management or through the communication of the report or findings of a give assignment to the management by the employees of the company. Thus for the business organizations to ensure it successes in the industry, it should be in a position to ensure accurate, relevant and timely information is passed to the intended parties for decision making. In the organization the communications is made to different stakeholders constantly. Importantly the business is in communication with its employees. Communications can either be from the management giving policies to be implemented by the employees. On the other hand communication can be from the employees of the organizations communicating the findings of the assignment given by the management of the organization. Lack of the effective communications between the management the employees can lead to the frustrations and killing morale and thus dismal performance of the organization. The business is in communications with its customers when it wants to communicate on the delivery of goods to the customers, for instance. Like the customers of the organization communicate with the organization when they are placing orders, want to make payments for the goods supplied and when they want to lodge complains to the company. The organization is also in communication with its suppliers of th e raw materials to the company. When the company devises effective communications with all the stakeholders, it ensures success in the organizations; the effective communication is paramount in ensuring the company meets its goals (Borkowski, 2010, pp.72). There are many sources of lack of communications or presence of poor communication in the organization. In the organizations nowadays, lack of clear instructions from the management to the employees on the accomplishment of the tasks remains to be the major source of problem in the organization. It is pathetic to note that employees of the company lack the information they need to carry out a given task in this era where information is flooded in the society. When the instructions are not clear, the employees fail to perform that task and hence the organization fails to meet its goals and objectives. Effective communication in the organization is hindered by among other issues by the management creating a conducive environment where the information can be shared freely. Employees fear that when their share information in the organization would be reprimanded or intimidated and thus opt to keep quit rather than go through a humiliating ordeal. The management should come with the rewar ding systems that encourage the employees of the company to share their ideas and thus leading to improvement in working conditions and thus success of the organization. Another source of poor communication in the organization is the conflicts among employees themselves. Employees of the company may not be in good terms with other employees and thus inhibit sharing of the ideas. It is therefore the sole obligation of Springdale health organization and St Marys HMO organization to come up with systems that ensure the employees share information they have among each other and also avoid instances that would lead to conflicts for instance defining roles of every employee as defined in performance contract and also in organizational structure. Leadership Styles Kippenberger, (2002) says leadership deals with how much a person can influence and motivate people. Some have considered leadership to be innate, this implies that leaders are born; others have disputed this fact and have termed it to a blatant lie saying that leaders are made. Despite all this contradictions, they all agree that leaders are people who have the ability to guide and influence people towards achieving stipulated goals with the most effective means. How one becomes a successful leader is not defined by oneself or those above you, the people who define successful leaders are those under you. The degree of influence you inculcate in them towards a given direction is what will define how successful you are as a leader (pp.110). A number of leadership styles have been forwarded. A leadership style deals with the approach and manner of approaching, implementing and influencing a given group f people. The different leadership styles are applicable to different organizations and groups of people. This therefore means that, a style that is very fruitful in one organization may or may not be applicable to another organization or a given group of individuals. The different styles thus are applied to different entities and situations. Three types of leadership styles have been established and can be used by leaders depending on the situation at hand (Kippenberger, 2002, pp.110). Most leaders although, operate with one dominant leadership style with the others coming handy depending on the need. Paton McCalman (2008) considers autocratic leadership style to be used in giving directions and ultimatums. Leaders often employ such a style when they are directing their employees on what they want them to do and the way it should be done. This style is very appropriate in cases when there is an emergency and the leader wants to solve a given problems, when one is short of time and in instances when the leaders have managed to motivate their employees well. In some situations, a number of individuals have considered this leadership style as a yelling vehicle, where the leader is to use very demeaning words and language to employees and even abuse of power. This in regard to business can not be termed to as the authoritarian type of leadership but an unprofessional style that has no place in the leadership repertoire (pp.119). The other leadership style is referred to as the democratic leadership. This leadership style is involves the employees being included in the decision making processes because all the processes made in an entity will affect the people in one way or the other. The style allows the employees to identify what they will do and how. Despite the employees being allowed to bring their opinions and suggestions in to the decision making process, the leader is the one with the final say and maintains the final authority regarding all the decisions. When such a style is applied, many have considered it a weakness, rather it is a strength where the leader has the confidence the employees will be able to respect the democratic process and the decision arrived at. The democratic leadership style is applicable in cases where both parties have information i.e. the leader has some pieces while the other pieces are held with the employees (Kippenberger, 2002, pp.114). Employers do not have to know eve rything, and this is the reason as to why employers employ people who are knowledgeable and skilled. It is also applicable in makes the employees fell part and parcel of all the undertakings in the firm and thus they watch their entire single moves. Lastly, the third leadership style is the free reign or the delegative leadership style. The employees in this leadership style are allowed to make and arrive at their own decisions. Despite this, the leader is still in charge of everything and he makes the final call on decisions made. The style is applicable in cases where the employees have the competencies to analyze a situation and come up appropriate decisions and what to be done. It involves delegation of duties since you can not be able to do every thing. Groups and Teams In addition, both Springdale health organization and St Marys HMO, should strive to manage both the teams and the work groups. It should be acknowledged that all teams are a form of work group but not all work groups are teams. There are three types of work groups namely; dependent work groups, independent work group and interdependent work group. Dependent work group are under the control of the supervisors who control the whole group. Independent work groups are also under the control of the supervisor but the supervisor is the boss as it is the case in dependent work group. In interdependent work group, the members of the group rely on one another to have a certain task accomplished. The organization should ensure that the members of the work force work as a group in order to realize full potential of all workers in the organization. In this era where the organizations emphasize on the division of labor and specialization, an employee to perform in the are where they are best tale nted in, the organization should ensure that that every employee carry out a specific task in the group in order to have the maximum benefits for the entire organizations. Attitudes and Perceptions Though change is very inevitable, workers reacts to the idea with very mixed reactions. This is because change in any institution or condition will have to alter a thing or two. Especially with the current business environment, entities are geared towards attaining global standards for their survival. With the change taking place in organizations, there is a reflection on the emotions and psychological reactions of the labor force as they try to come up with resistance measures of the phenomenon. This means that if not well approached, a lot resistance shall be exhibited by the labor force. A very significant point regarding change is that it can not be forced down the peoples throats (Borkowski, 2010, pp.41). Change is accompanied by a number of ideas. There are those who may risk loosing their jobs, there may be the restructuring of the entire organization leading to being transferred to other departments and there may be complete new leaders who may come into the entity. Change in organizations has entirely been identified as the cause for depressions and stress among the workers in an entity. Borkowski (2010) asserts that the risks that accompany change are very fatal than any other business undertaking. Change the norms of an entity and trying to follow an unknown direction. This thus requires a lot of faith and having the trust that something better will take place. Workers believe that with change, they will loose their total control over the things they used to do in an entity. Taking a faithful leap among the employees is not an easy thing and most do not have the courage to take such risks, so the best they can do is try to resist the changes (pp.42). Motivational strategies The employees of the company should be well motivated in order to improve their performance in order for the realization of the goals of the organization. The employee should be appreciated and thus feel to be part and parcel of the organization; employees are one of the most valuable asset in the organizations and they should be handled well to ensure that the organization attains its goals. There are motivational strategies that have being identified that management of the organization could use to ensure that the employees are well motivated. One of the motivational strategies is team work; the management should form work group with the hope that the peer pressure among the employees would improve the performance of the organization. Team work as a motivation strategy has worked effectively since every employee would want to work hard to meet the expectations of other members of his group rather than the expectations of their supervisors. The second motivational strategy available to the organization is the personal involvement; the management of the organization should allow the employees to be involved in placing their standards. The employees should be allowed to make commitment of what they intend to achieve in the organization, this would give the employees the zeal to attain the goals they have set for themselves. Work enhancement is another motivational strategy; the work is structures in the organization in such a way that it has fulfillment to the employees. Management can motivate workers by issuing to them rewards either in form of monetary things or non monetary goods; this would make the employees to work hard in order to recoup the prizes offered by the management. The management also request for th e mutual exchanges as a way of motivation; the management may do some favor to the employee for the return of a given level of performance. The management can also place a competitive reward for the employees in form of a prize; the employees would work hard in order to receive the prize. And lastly the management can punish or inflict fear to the employees to ensure performance; the employee who does not performance is suspended of sacked and thus the employees would work hard to avoid such punishment (Brehm, 2004, pp.119). Resistance to Change There are a number of reasons that may make people to resist change. Some of the reasons are associated with the normal norms of the old firm and the people who would like to be identified by the old ways of the firm (Tobin, 2009, pp.30). People are identified as social beings, through this, we would like to remain attached and connected to some things and people especially those whom we know, those who we have learnt from and those that we are familiar with. It is this kind of royalty that helped our ancestors to defend themselves ands hunt (Kippenberger, 2002, pp.224). And to show its effect, we are much glued to those whom we know and resist any form of change that may seem to compromise these situations. Secondly, there may be resistance to change amongst the people of a given organization due to lacking role models in the new assignments that one is expected to take up. Through observation, one earns a lot and knowing that you will never have this learning opportunity compromises an individual making him resist changes. Tobin (2009) views lack of competence in new tasks to also lead to change resistance. New tasks may require new ideas, skills and knowledge and this may make people not to allow change to take place in an entity. This is especially if they perceive the changes as a danger to their existence and job security. For instance, in the merging in the case study above, it is clearly put that some employees will have to loose their jobs while others will be incorporated to other departments. This is a clear indication that change can never be welcomed into an organization if the employee considers the risks unbearable (pp.30). Conclusion In conclusion, the management of Springdale health organization and St Marys HMO should handle their employees well to ensure that the organization has met its goals and objectives. It should be noted that the employees of the company are the most important assets of any organization and that they should be managed effectively to ensure that the organizations perform optimally. The management of the organization should recognize that the diversity among the employees is the strength that should be exploited for the benefit of the organization. The management should ensure effective communication in the organization, sharing of relevant, timely and accurate information to all stakeholders in the organizations should be ensured for decisions making. The management should ensure that the employees of the organization are well motivated and thus ensure performance. History Of Oxfam: Non Profit Organisation History Of Oxfam: Non Profit Organisation (Oxfam International was formed in 1995 by a group of independent non-governmental organizations. Their aim was to work together for greater impact on the international stage to reduce poverty and injustice. The name Oxfam comes from the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, founded in Britain in 1942. The group campaigned for food supplies to be sent through an allied naval blockade to starving women and children in enemy-occupied Greece during the Second World War. As well as becoming a world leader in the delivery of emergency relief, Oxfam International implements long-term development programs in vulnerable communities. We are also part of a global movement, campaigning with others, for instance, to end unfair trade rules, demand better health and education services for all, and to combat climate change. Today, there are 13 member organizations of the Oxfam International confederation. They are based in: Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Ireland, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Quebec, Spain and the United States. The Oxfam International Secretariat is based in Oxford, UK. The Secretariat runs advocacy offices in Brussels, Geneva, New York and Washington DC) (www.oxfam.org/en/about/history). Oxfam Ireland (It works with people around the world to end the injustice of poverty. They are an independent and secular not-for-profit organization. Oxfam Ireland is a member of Oxfam International, a confederation of thirteen independent members. The members work together to achieve greater impact by their collective efforts).(www.oxfam.org/oxfamhome Oxfam is many different things. Its the organization which helps poor people to build a better future for them. Its the relief agency which brings help when disaster strikes. And Oxfam is the campaigner for a fairer world. Through our work in long-term development, emergencies and campaigning, Oxfam helps people to achieve their right to a life free from poverty, suffering and injustice) (www.oxfam.org). Im doing my workplacement in the Oxfam shop of Rathmines-Dublin 6. this shop considers as one of the Oxfam International branches. In this shop, they get various donations from the public. The work carried out by this shop, they sell good quality bric a brac, cds, books, homewares, clothes, shoes etc. They shops costumers those people who want to buy good quality and different thing at the same shop. Organisation Chart Oxfam shop- Rathminess Chart The structure of the shop as you see in the diagram is flat. Thats means the shop has relatively few levels in the hierarchy. The structure looks like span of control that the volunteers directly reporting to the manager. The explanation of the Chart The role of the manager The manager is fully responsible about the shop, how to make the budget for example about (purchasing, selling, pricing, coding, and sorting the donation which he/she gets it from the public. If the donators make a complaint whe/she will: investigate fully do her/his best to explain what went wrong try to put things right At this shop, she has own office, and she works with volunteers helping teaching them how they can get on. Deputy Manager She/he is fully responsible about the shop doing the same role when the manager is off. The staff (The Volunteers) The Volunteers in this shop are the staff of the shop, they are 45 volunteers, I put them in the diagram regarding to their presence over the week. On Monday, the shop has 6 volunteers, some of are student from second and third Level doing their Workplacement. On Tuesday, there are 10 volunteers. On Wednesday, there 8 volunteers. On Thursday, there 9 volunteers. On Friday there 9 volunteers. Finally, on Saturday, there 5 volunteers. Those volunteers are working together at very peaceful atmosphere and working very hard. After they know what they should do, they do pricing, sorting, coding the donations, so they help the manager a lot. My duties in this shop I come every Thursday and Friday (full day), I sometimes work at the Till, sometimes pricier, coder, sorter of the clothes and dealing with customers. (B) Scanning the Internal Influence on organisation: There two influences on the organisation (the Oxfam shop) Resource Base View (Typical answers might refer to : Excellent service Technical know-how Responsiveness to market needs Design and engineering capability Financial resources Basic principles of the RBV model RBV of the firm provides a rigorous model for analysing firms strengths and weaknesses Basic assumptions of RBV : Resource and/or capability heterogeneity : different firms possess bundles of different resources and capabilities Resource and/or capability immobility : Some of these resources and capabilities are inelastic in supply or costly to copy RBV posits that the sources of value creation are resources and capabilities Value = Consumer surplus + Producer profit To outperform industry norm, a company must create more value than its competitors Value Chain Analysis has two basic activities Primary Activities (Inbound logistics, goods or donations from the public of the shop being obtained from the shop suppliers ready to be used for producing the end product). (Notes given in the class). Operation, the raw materials and goods obtained are manufactured into the final product. Value added to the product at the stage as it moves through the production line. Outbound logistics, once the product have been manufactured they are ready to be distribute to distribution centres, wholesales, retailer or customers.)(Notes given the class). Marketing and Sales, Essentially an information activity informing buyers and consumers about products and services (benefits, use, price etc.) Service All those activities associated with maintaining product performance. (2) Secondary Activities Procurement, his concerns how resources are acquired for a business (e.g. sourcing and negotiating with materials suppliers) Human Resource Management, Those activities concerned with recruiting, developing, motivating and rewarding the workforce of a business. Technology Development, Activities concerned with managing information processing and the development and protection of knowledge in a business Starting point for a unifying strategic framework : THE RBV of the firm The RBV of the firm is grounded in economics RBV sees companies as different collections of physical and intangible assets and capabilities, which determine how efficiently, how effectively a company performs its functional activities Attributes competitive advantage to ownership of valuable resources and capabilities that enable a company to perform activities better or more cheaply than competitors Combines internal analysis with external analysis Resources Are defined as stocks of firm-specific assets Cannot be easily duplicated Cannot be easily acquired in well-functioning markets Examples: Patents and trademarks Brand-name reputation Installed base Organizational culture Workers With specific expertise or knowledge Contribute either directly (e.g., reputation) or indirectly (e.g., through serving as the basis of capabilities) to value creation Are converted into final products or services using bonding mechanisms such as IT, incentive systems, trust, etc. Sometimes non-specific resources (like buildings, raw materials, unskilled labor, etc.) are included in the definition of resources Resource categories : Financial capital Physical capital Human capital Organizational Capital Capabilities Are defined as cluster activities that a firm does especially well in comparison with other firms o May reside within business functions (e.g., AA yield management) o May be linked to technologies, product design (e.g., Honda engines) o May reside in firms ability to manage linkages between elements of value chain, i.e., coordination skills (e.g., Ford product development) o Refer to a firms capacity to deploy resources, usually in combination, using organizational processes to effect desired ends Information-based, firm-specific processes which are created over time through complex interactions between resources Key characteristics : o Valuable across multiple products and markets o Embedded in organizational routines (well-honed patterns of performing activities) o Tacit (i.e., difficult to reduce to algorithms, procedure guides) Resources and capabilities are distinct from key success factors Key success factors (KSF) Refer to the skills and assets a firm must have to achieve profitability in a particular market Market-level rather than individual characteristics Necessary, not sufficient for achieving competitive advantage (e.g., KSF in athletic footwear are development of new designs, management of a network of suppliers and distributors, creation of marketing campaigns) Predictors of firm profitability (like resources and capabilities) Resources and capabilities Are conceptually different from KSF Sometimes overlap with KSF A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS : VRIO Resource-based analysis of the firm determines which resources and capabilities result in which strengths or weaknesses Strategies are to be implemented which exploit (or build) strengths and avoid (or eliminate) weaknesses What constitutes a strength or weakness is partially a function of the external environment Framework for analysis: VRIO resources and capabilities should be o Valuable o Rare o Inimitable o Organization can effectively exploit them VALUE of resources and capabilities A VALUABLE resource or capability (or a combination thereof) must Contribute to fulfillment of customers needs At a price the consumer is willing to pay, which is determined by Customer preferences Available alternatives (including substitute products) Supply of related or supplementary goods Thus, value is partially a function of external environment (product market, demand forces) changes in consumer tastes, industry structure, technology, etc. can result in changed value Resources of different firms can be valuable in different ways (e.g., Timex versus Rolex) Value = Lowered costs or increased revenues or both SCARCITY of resources and capabilities Resources and capabilities must be in short supply to create competitive advantage (and go beyond competitive parity) What would happen if this were not the case? An analysis of the firms resources and capabilities must include critical assessment whether they are unusual when compared to those of competitors How rare does a resource have to be in order to have potential for generating a competitive advantage? Example of a rare resource: Wal-Marts point-of-purchase inventory control system To be a source of sustained competitive advantage the rarity of the resource must persist over time INIMITABILITY of resources dans capabilities Requirement for sustained competitive advantage Ease of imitation depends on Cost asymmetries (Do firms without a resource or capability face a cost disadvantage in obtaining it compared to firms that already possess it?) Capabilities of competitors Sources of cost asymmetries / cost disadvantages fall into two categories : Impediments to imitation : Impede rivals from duplicating critical resources and capabilities Early-mover advantages : Set in motion a dynamic that increases the magnitude of that advantage relative to other firms over time Impediments to imitation : Legal restrictions on imitation : Patents, copyrights, trademarks Governmental control over entry into markets (licensing), certification, quotas on operating rights) Superior access to inputs or to customers Market size and scale economies Intangible barriers to imitation Causal ambiguity Dependence on historical circumstances Other path dependencies Social complexity Degrees of resource and capability imitability Source: C. Montgomery, Resources: The essence of Corporate Advantage, Harvard Business School Case N1-792-064.  · Cannot be imitated : Patents, unique assets, unique locations  · Difficult to imitate : Brand loyalty, employee satisfaction, reputation for fairness  · Can be imitated (but may not be) Capacity preemption, economies of scale  · Easy to imitate : Cash, commodities ORGANIZING to exploit competitive potential of resources and capabilities The following elements must be in place in order to effectively exploit the resource(s) and/or capability(s): o Structure o Management and control systems o Compensation policies Business processes o Complementary resources and capabilities)(www.ecofine.com/strategy. (C) External influence on organisation This consist of PEST Analysis and Five Forces analysis PEST Analysis (A scan of the external macro-environment in which the firm operates can be expressed in terms of the following factors: Political Economic Social Technological Political Factors (Political factors include government regulations and legal issues and define both formal and informal rules under which the firm must operate. Some examples include: tax policy employment laws environmental regulations trade restrictions and tariffs political stability) Economic Factors Economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customers and the firms cost of capital. The following are examples of factors in the macroeconomy: economic growth interest rates exchange rates inflation rate)(www.quickmba.com/strategy/pest) Social Factors (Social factors include the demographic and cultural aspects of the external macroenvironment. These factors affect customer needs and the size of potential markets. Some social factors include: health consciousness population growth rate age distribution career attitudes emphasis on safety) Technological Factors (Technological factors can lower barriers to entry, reduce minimum efficient production levels, and influence outsourcing decisions. Some technological factors include: RD activity automation technology incentives rate of technological change)(www.quickmba.com/strategy/pest). Political Economical Social Technological Environment regulation and protection Exchange rate Income distribution Government research spending Tax policies, may affect on Oxfam as a whole Taxation Labor, social mobility New inventions and development Employment laws Economic recession Lifestyle change Rate of technology transfer Competition regulations Consumer confident for example: the Oxfam shop has many loyalty because of it Education Energy use and costs Safety regulation Inflation rate, when the government wants to reduce it. Fashion, hypes (Change in) Information Technology Political Stability Stage of the business cycle Living conditions (Change in) Internet Employment laws Interest rates Demographics, Population growth rate, Age distribution (Change in) Mobile Technology Five Forces Analysis Porters five forces is a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development developed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. It uses concepts developing Industrial Organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market.(en.wikipedia.org) Supplier Power The Five Forces The threat of substitute products The existence of products outside of the realm of the common product boundaries increases the propensity of customers to switch to alternatives: Buyer propensity to substitute Relative price performance of substitutes Buyer switching costs Perceived level of product differentiation Number of substitute product available in the market The threat of the entry of new competitors Profitable markets that yield high returns will draw firms. This results in many new entrants, which will effectively decrease profitability. Unless the entry of new firms can be blocked by incumbents, the profit rate will fall towards a competitive level (perfect competition). The existence of barriers to entry (patents, rights, etc.) Economies of product differences Brand equity Switching costs or sunk costs Capital requirements Access to distribution Customer loyalty to established brands Absolute cost advantages Learning curve advantages Expected retaliation by incumbents Government policies The intensity of competitive rivalry For most industries, the intensity of competitive rivalry is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry. Sustainable competitive advantage through improvisation The bargaining power of customers The bargaining power of customers is also described as the market of outputs: the ability of customers to put the firm under pressure, which also affects the customers sensitivity to price changes. Buyer concentration to firm concentration ratio Degree of dependency upon existing channels of distribution Bargaining leverage, particularly in industries with high fixed costs Buyer volume Buyer switching costs relative to firm switching costs Buyer information availability Ability to backward integrate Availability of existing substitute products Buyer price sensitivity Differential advantage (uniqueness) of industry products RFM Analysis The bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers is also described as the market of inputs. Suppliers of raw materials, components, labor, and services (such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of power over the firm. Suppliers may refuse to work with the firm, or, e.g., charge excessively high prices for unique resources. Supplier switching costs relative to firm switching costs Degree of differentiation of inputs Presence of substitute inputs Supplier concentration to firm concentration ratio Employee solidarity (e.g., labor unions) Criticisms of the 5 Forces model Porters framework has been challenged by other academics and strategists such as Stewart Neill. Similarly, the likes of Kevin P. Coyne and Somu Subramaniam have stated that three dubious assumptions underlie the five forces: That buyers, competitors, and suppliers are unrelated and do not interact and collude. That the source of value is structural advantage (creating barriers to entry). That uncertainty is low, allowing participants in a market to plan for and respond to competitive behavior. (D) Internal and External influence on organisation SWOT Analysis S (1)Oxfam Fair Trade (OFT) is one of the largest UK fair trade organisations(Oxfam as a whole) (2)Oxfam is now moving towards a broader market access programme. (3)Oxfam bookshop where I work has a good reputation among the customers and neighbours, because Oxfam as a whole was founded in 1948, so everyone wants to join it as volunteer, customer and donator. Cheaper and quality and tidy (4)This shop has a strong brand name, because the donators donate evaluated things and they get donations from strong brand companies. (5)The shops location is fantastic, it is neighbour to Rathmines College and it locates among Dublin 6s town amenities. (7)The atmosphere in the shop is attractive. (8)OFT has been very active in capacity building activities. This has led to new skills and greater access to international markets, created by fair trade organisation. W Lack of patent protection Lack of marketing expertise, because of them are volunteer, few of them well-educated, the other lack of expertise. The goods in the shop depend on the donations, sometime there is no donations so the shop lack of goods then lack of costumers. Lack of Creativity / ability to develop new products. Oxfam aims to work with disadvantaged poor producers, typically from the informal sector, which is characterised by low wages, poor social benefits, lack of access to investment and credit and consequent poor working conditions, home-working etc. O T (1)Unfulfilled customers need (1)There are many charity competitors around the shop (2) Arrival of new technologies, for example: in Oxfam shop, the customer takes long time when he/she wants to pay cash, the shop has old-fashion Till (2) Price wars in those competitors (3)New regulations (3)Loosing of regulation (4)Increase trade barriers (4)Removal of international trade barriers (5)Technological developments may make the shops offerings obsolete. Market changes may result from the changes in the customer needs, competitorsmoves, or demographic shifts. The political situation determines government policy and taxation (5) Market led by a weak competitors Value Chain Analysis (Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. Influential work by Michael Porter suggested that the activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: Primary Activities those that are directly concerned with creating and delivering a product (e.g. component assembly); and Secondary Activities, which whilst they are not directly involved in production, may increase effectiveness or efficiency (e.g. human resource management). It is rare for a business to undertake all primary and support activities. Value Chain Analysis is one way of identifying which activities are best undertaken by a business and which are best provided by others (out sourced) (http:tutor2u.net/business/strategy/value_chain_analysis.htm). Linking Value Chain Analysis to Competitive Advantage (What activities a business undertakes is directly linked to achieving competitive advantage. For example, a business which wishes to outperform its competitors through differentiating itself through higher quality will have to perform its value chain activities better than the opposition. By contrast, a strategy based on seeking cost leadership will require a reduction in the costs associated with the value chain activities, or a reduction in the total amount of resources used).(http:tutor2.net/business/strategy/value_chain_analysis.htm) Value Chain Analysis has two basic activities Primary Activities (Inbound logistics, goods or donations from the public of the shop being obtained from the shop suppliers ready to be used for producing the end product). (Notes given in the class). Operation, the raw materials and goods obtained are manufactured into the final product. Value added to the product at the stage as it moves through the production line. Outbound logistics, once the product have been manufactured they are ready to be distribute to distribution centres, wholesales, retailer or customers.)(Notes given the class). Marketing and Sales, Essentially an information activity informing buyers and consumers about products and services (benefits, use, price etc.) Service All those activities associated with maintaining product performance. (2) Secondary Activities Procurement, his concerns how resources are acquired for a business (e.g. sourcing and negotiating with materials suppliers) Human Resource Management, Those activities concerned with recruiting, developing, motivating and rewarding the workforce of a business. Technology Development, Activities concerned with managing information processing and the development and protection of knowledge in a business

Enterpreneurship And Management Essay -- essays research papers

Entrepreneurship is The process of initiating a business venture, organizing the necessary resources and assuming the associated risks and rewards. Entrepreneurship as an option. For many years there was many worries surrounding the idea but recently there has been an outbreak of entrepreneurs making money and living a better quality of life. Women and minorities are now starting their own businesses more than men because they have been discriminated in the corporate world and decided to go out on their own. Entrepreneurship and the environment-people used to be worried about small businesses surviving now there are about 23 million out there. Since our economy is rapidly changing it creates new opportunities for small business owners everyday. New technology has opened thousands of new opportunities and especially with the Internet making a small business available to thousands of people around the world. Definition of a small business by the SBA is typically a business with 500 or less people or it can depend on annual receipts or the number of employees in certain categories such as manufacturing, retail and services. Impact of Entrepreneurial companies: about 600,000 new companies are incorporated every year. The SBA reports that small businesses employ more than 50% of the workforce and generate more than half of the nations’ GDP. Who are Entrepreneurs They are people that have a vision and want to achieve something. They need tolerance for ambiguity, self confid...

Client And Server Architecture :: Networks Telecommunications

Most organization today are moving to client server architectures. Client server attempt to balance the processing between the client and the server by having both do some of the logic. In these networks, the client is responsible for the presentation logic, while the server is responsible for the data access logic and data storage. The application logic may reside on the client on the client or on the server, or it may be split between both. These are many ways in which the application logic can be partitioned between the client and the server. The type of the client server consists of two-tier, three-tier and multi-tier client server. Two-tier client server is one of the most common. In this case, the server is responsible for the data and the client is responsible for the application and presentation. The two-tier client server is uses only two sets of computers, one client and one server. For example, the database management system (DBMS) runs in the server. A request from the client is sent to the DBMS, which responds by searching the server and sending only the result to the client. If 100 records matched the criteria in our million-record example, only 100 kilobytes of data traverse network rather than one gigabyte. Another type of client server architectures is three-tier client server uses three sets of computers. In this case, the software on the client computer is responsible for presentation logic, an application server is responsible for the application logic, and a separate database server is responsible for the data access logic and data storage. Three-tier client server Beside that, the web really is a client server. Because on the server side, the web uses a multi-tier architecture with interlinked web server, application servers, database servers and caching servers. On the client side, user machines commonly execute scripts embedded in countless web pages. They also execute java applets, java programs and rich client application, all of which means that both client and server cooperate in tandem. Advantages and disadvantages of these method The client server architecture does not propose any new model or architecture, but it simply allows users to get more processing power for developing their business network applications in a cooperative processing environment. It does not define any new infrastructure, but it uses the existing structure and new user interface tools. It integrates these new tools and the concepts of the distributed architecture to define a new computing environment which will enhance productivity at much lower operating costs.